Diabetes

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic conditions in the world, posing a major health and social challenge. Characterised by chronically elevated blood glucose levels, diabetes leads to a range of health complications, affecting not only the quality of life of those affected, but also generating a significant burden on healthcare systems.

Definition of diabetes

Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders in which there is a problem with the production or function of insulin – a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows body cells to use glucose (sugar) as an energy source. These abnormalities lead to an increase in blood glucose levels, called hyperglycemia, which, if not properly treated, can contribute to damage to many organs, including nerves, kidneys, eyes, and blood vessels.

Global epidemiology and epidemiology in Poland

Globally, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of people living with diabetes is steadily increasing, with estimates indicating that this number could reach more than 700 million by 2045. In Poland, there is also an increase in the number of diagnosed cases of diabetes. According to the National Health Fund, almost 3 million Poles live with this disease, and many cases remain undiagnosed.

The Importance of Early Diagnosis

Early detection and appropriate management of diabetes are key to preventing serious health complications. Education about the symptoms of diabetes, regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of developing serious forms of the disease and improve the overall health of patients.

In this article, we will discuss in detail the causes of diabetes, its types, symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the impact that this disease has on everyday life and society.

Etiology and classification of diabetes

Diabetes is the result of the interaction of many factors, including genetic, environmental, and behavioral, that contribute to the development of various forms of the disease. The classification of diabetes takes these differences into account, helping to understand the causes and choose the appropriate treatment.

Causes of diabetes

• Genetic predisposition: The involvement of genes in the development of type 1 diabetes is well documented, with the risk increasing in families where the disease has already occurred. Genes also play a role in type 2 diabetes, but environment and lifestyle have a significant impact on its development.
• Environmental factors: Viral infections, diets, obesity, and physical inactivity are known to affect the risk of developing diabetes, particularly type 2.
• Behavioral and lifestyle factors: An unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are all factors that can contribute to insulin resistance and ultimately the development of type 2 diabetes.

Types of diabetes

• Type 1 diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. It is most commonly diagnosed in children, adolescents and young adults.
• Type 2 diabetes: Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; It is the most common form of diabetes, mainly related to age, obesity and physical inactivity.
• Gestational diabetes: It occurs in some pregnant women and usually goes away after delivery, although it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
• Other types of diabetes: These include diabetes caused by certain medical conditions or syndromes (such as MODY – Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young), as well as diabetes associated with the use of certain medications.

Although these basic categories of diabetes have different etiologies and mechanisms of development, each form of the disease requires an individual approach to diagnosis, treatment and management.

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system destroys the beta cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin production. A lack of insulin leads to an uncontrolled rise in blood glucose levels, which can result in serious health complications.

Etiology of type 1 diabetes

Although the exact cause of type 1 diabetes is not fully understood, it is known that genetic and environmental factors are involved in its development. People who have a family history of type 1 diabetes are more likely to develop the disease. Some studies point to a link between type 1 diabetes and early exposure to certain environmental factors, such as viruses (e.g., enteroviruses), diets during infancy, as well as exposure to certain chemicals and medications.

Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes

In type 1 diabetes, there is an autoimmune attack on the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to their damage or destruction. This, in turn, causes a deficit of insulin, a hormone necessary to transport glucose from the blood to the cells, where it is used as an energy source. As a result, glucose accumulates in the blood, leading to hyperglycemia and its accompanying complications.

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can appear at any age. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can develop rapidly and include excessive thirst, frequent urination, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, visual disturbances, as well as increased susceptibility to infections.

Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, blood glucose levels, and tests for the presence of antibodies characteristic of the autoimmune process (e.g., antibodies to pancreatic islets, antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase – GAD). These tests help distinguish type 1 diabetes from other types of diabetes.

Treatment of type 1 diabetes

Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves injecting insulin for life to compensate for the lack of insulin in the body. It is also important to regularly monitor blood glucose levels, have a proper diet, be physically active, and educate the patient on how to manage the disease on their own.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting millions of people worldwide. It is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, which is a reduced ability of cells to respond to insulin, and relative insulin deficiency as the disease progresses.

Etiology of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops mainly as a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors can increase the predisposition to insulin resistance, while environmental factors such as overweight, obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and an ageing population are key factors that accelerate the development of the disease.

Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes

Insulin resistance leads to excessive strain on the pancreas, which can impair its ability to produce insulin over time. Initially, the pancreas tries to compensate for tissue resistance by increasing insulin production. However, over time, when insulin production is no longer sufficient to overcome resistance, blood glucose levels rise, leading to hyperglycemia.

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Unlike type 1 diabetes, the symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop gradually and may be less obvious at first. These often include:

• Increased thirst and frequent urination,
• Unintentional weight loss,
• Tiredness
• Visual disturbances,
• Slow wound healing,
• Frequent infections, especially fungal and yeast infections.

Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is usually made by measuring the level of glucose in the blood. Tests may include fasting glucose measurement, glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing, which reflects your average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

Treatment for type 2 diabetes includes both lifestyle changes and drug therapies. The following are important:

• Diet – balanced food intake, limiting the intake of simple sugars and saturated fats,
• Physical activity – regular exercise helps control blood glucose levels and increase tissue sensitivity to insulin.
• Medications – Oral antidiabetic agents (e.g. metformin) are often used in the early stages, and insulin therapy may be necessary in more advanced cases.

Treatment for type 2 diabetes requires constant monitoring and adjustment to keep blood sugar levels under control and prevent long-term health complications.

Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that first appears during pregnancy, mainly in the second or third trimester. This is a condition in which the body cannot use insulin effectively, leading to hyperglycemia, which can affect both the health of the mother and the developing baby.

Etiology of gestational diabetes

Although the exact cause of gestational diabetes is not completely understood, it is believed that an increase in pregnancy hormones that work against the effects of insulin plays a key role. These hormones, which help with fetal development, can also lead to insulin resistance in the mother’s body. Risk factors for gestational diabetes include being overweight before pregnancy, a history of gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies, advanced maternal age, and a genetic predisposition to diabetes.

Pathogenesis of gestational diabetes

During pregnancy, a woman’s body produces higher amounts of hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and payental hormones, which can interfere with insulin. As a result, the body may require three times the usual amount of insulin. When the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin, blood glucose levels rise, leading to gestational diabetes.

Symptoms of gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes often has no obvious symptoms, making regular screening crucial for early detection. In some cases, women may experience increased thirst, increased urination, fatigue, and increased appetite.

Diagnosis of gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed through a glucose tolerance test performed between 24 and 24. and 28. week of pregnancy. During the test, the level of glucose in the blood is measured on an empty stomach and then after drinking the glucose solution at specific intervals.

Treatment of gestational diabetes

Treatment for gestational diabetes focuses on controlling blood glucose levels through diet, physical activity and, in some cases, by administering insulin or other diabetes medications. A proper diet, rich in nutrients and low in processed sugars and fats, is crucial. Regular exercise also helps control blood sugar levels.

Consequences of gestational diabetes for mother and baby

Uncontrolled gestational diabetes can lead to complications such as excessive fetal growth, prematurity, complications during childbirth, and also increases the mother’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. For the child, the risk of obesity and diabetes later in life increases. Therefore, proper management of gestational diabetes is critical to ensuring the health of both mother and baby.

Other types of diabetes

In addition to the most well-known types of diabetes, such as type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes, there are a number of other forms that are less common but require specific attention and approach in management and treatment.

LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)

LADA, often referred to as type 1.5 diabetes, is a form of diabetes with both type 1 and type 2 characteristics. Like type 1 diabetes, LADA is autoimmune, but it occurs in adults, usually in their 30s. years of age. The diagnosis of LADA is often delayed because it may initially resemble type 2 diabetes and be treated as such. Differentiating LADA from type 2 diabetes is important due to differences in management and treatment.

MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young)

MODY is a genetic form of diabetes mellitus, characterized by early onset (usually before the age of 25) and autosomal dominant inheritance. MODY has many subtypes, depending on the genetic mutation, with different management and treatment needs. For example, some forms of MODY can be effectively treated with oral medications rather than insulin.

Monogenic diabetes mellitus

Monogenic diabetes involves rare forms of diabetes resulting from mutations in a single gene. In addition to MODY, monogenic diabetes also includes neonatal diabetes and Wolfram syndrome. These forms of diabetes are typically diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence and require specialized management and treatment strategies.

Secondary diabetes

Secondary diabetes occurs as a result of another underlying disease or condition that affects the body’s ability to use glucose. Examples include diseases of the pancreas (such as chronic pancreatitis), hormonal disorders (such as Cushing’s syndrome), as well as the side effects of certain medications, including steroids and cancer therapies. Managing secondary diabetes requires treating both the underlying cause and the diabetes itself.

Each of these rarer forms of diabetes requires an individual approach in diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring, highlighting the need to understand the diversity of diabetes as a disease. This requires collaboration between patients, family doctors, diabetologists and other professionals to ensure optimized and effective treatment.

Pathophysiology of diabetes

The pathophysiology of diabetes refers to changes in normal physiological processes that lead to the development of diabetes and its complications. Although the specific mechanisms may vary depending on the type of diabetes, all forms are characterized by abnormalities in glucose and insulin metabolism.

Mechanism of action of insulin

Insulin, a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas, plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels. It facilitates the transport of glucose to cells, where it is used as a source of energy. Insulin also helps to store excess glucose in the liver in the form of glycogen and affects the metabolism of fats and proteins.

In diabetes, this balance is disrupted, leading to:

• Increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia): Due to insufficient insulin production (type 1 diabetes) or insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes), glucose is not efficiently transported to the cells, resulting in its accumulation in the blood.
• Disorders in lipid and protein metabolism: Lack of insulin or insulin resistance leads to the breakdown of fats and proteins in the body, which can result in weight loss and other metabolic problems.

The process of development of hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia in diabetes is due to the body’s improper use of glucose. In type 1 diabetes, the destruction of beta cells leads to a significant decrease or absence of insulin production. In type 2 diabetes, cells gradually become more resistant to insulin, and the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance.

In both cases, when glucose cannot be used by cells as an energy source, it accumulates in the blood, leading to hyperglycemia. Chronically high blood glucose levels damage blood vessels and nerves, which contributes to diabetes-related complications.

Symptoms and diagnosis of diabetes

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that is characterized by a chronic increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). The symptoms of diabetes can be diverse and vary depending on the degree of glucose imbalance. Early diagnosis of diabetes is crucial, as early treatment and lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk of serious complications. In this section, we will discuss the common symptoms of diabetes and the diagnostic methods used to diagnose it.

Early Symptoms of Diabetes

The early symptoms of diabetes can be subtle or pronounced, and their intensity varies depending on the patient’s individual factors. Recognizing these symptoms can contribute to faster diagnosis and appropriate treatment, which is important for preventing long-term complications.

1. Excessive thirst and frequent urination (polydipsia and polyuria) – one of the classic symptoms of diabetes is increased thirst and a more frequent need to urinate. They are the result of high levels of glucose in the blood, which attracts water, leading to increased urine production and the need to excrete it more often.
2. Unexpected weight loss – despite increased appetite, people with untreated diabetes may experience sudden weight loss. This is because the body begins to burn fats and muscle in search of energy because glucose is not used efficiently as an energy source.
3. Fatigue and weakness – people with diabetes often report feeling tired and lacking in energy. This is caused by a deficiency of glucose in the cells, which the body cannot use efficiently to produce energy.
4. Visual disturbances – high blood sugar levels can lead to temporary visual disturbances, as excess glucose in the intraocular fluid can cause changes in the shape of the lens of the eye, leading to problems with visual acuity.
5. Slow wound healing and frequent infections – hyperglycemia negatively affects the body’s ability to heal and fight infection. People with diabetes may notice that even small cuts, abrasions or skin infections heal more slowly than usual.
6. Increased risk of fungal and bacterial infections – diabetes can lead to a weakened immune system, which increases susceptibility to infections, especially yeast infections such as candidiasis.

Diagnosis of diabetes

The diagnosis of diabetes is mainly based on the measurement of blood glucose levels. Various tests are used:

• Fasting Glucose Measurement (FPG): Measuring blood sugar levels after an overnight fast. A fasting glucose level above 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) indicates diabetes.
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Measuring blood glucose levels before and after ingestion of a glucose-containing solution. Glucose levels above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) two hours after ingestion of a glucose solution indicate diabetes.
• Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement: It means the average level of glucose in the blood for the last 2 to 3 months. An HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.

Early detection and treatment of diabetes are crucial to avoid serious health complications and maintain the patient’s quality of life.

Diabetes Treatment

Diabetes treatment aims to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible to reduce the risk of complications associated with the disease. As diabetes is a chronic disease, it requires ongoing medical care and the patient’s involvement in managing their own health. Treatment varies depending on the type of diabetes, the severity of the disease, and the individual needs of the patient.

Treatment strategy includes a combination of dietary changes, regular physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, and, if necessary, pharmacotherapy. In the case of type 1 diabetes, it is necessary to take insulin daily. In type 2 diabetes, oral medications or insulin therapy are often used if diets and physical activity are not sufficient to control blood sugar levels.

Treatment must also be individually tailored, taking into account the patient’s age, general health, the presence of other comorbidities, and specific life requirements. Implementing diabetes education is also a key part of treatment, as it increases the patient’s awareness of the disease and teaches how to manage it effectively.

Treatment of type 1 diabetes

Treatment for type 1 diabetes focuses on providing the body with insulin on a daily basis, which is not produced by the pancreas, and keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible.

1. Insulin therapy – this is the main method of treatment of type 1 diabetes. Insulin must be administered by injections or insulin pumps, as it cannot be taken orally. There are different types of insulin that vary in their duration of action: fast-acting, short-acting, medium-acting and long-acting. Your doctor will select the type and dose of insulin individually for each patient.
2. Glucose monitoring – Regular monitoring of your blood glucose levels is crucial to adjust your insulin dose and diet. Patients can use traditional glucose meters or more modern continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, which provide more detailed information about blood sugar levels in real time.
3. Diet – Patients with type 1 diabetes should eat a balanced diet that supports the maintenance of optimal blood glucose levels. It is important to eat regularly and adjust the amount of carbohydrates to physical activity and insulin doses.
4. Physical activity – regular exercise is an important part of managing type 1 diabetes. Physical activity helps maintain healthy blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and supports overall health.
5. Education and self-management – educating patients about diabetes management, recognizing and managing hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia is essential. The ability to self-monitor and react early to changes in blood glucose levels is crucial to avoid complications.

The treatment of type 1 diabetes therefore requires a holistic approach that includes both pharmacotherapy and lifestyle changes, with the treatment plan individually tailored to each patient’s needs.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

Treating type 2 diabetes is a complex process that requires an individual approach. The main goals are to control blood glucose levels, reduce risk factors for complications, and improve overall health.

1. Lifestyle modification – the basis of treatment is a change in diet and increasing physical activity. A low-calorie diet, rich in vegetables, fruits, low-fat protein, and whole grain cereals is recommended. Regular physical activity helps with weight control and improves the body’s sensitivity to insulin.
2. Oral medications – If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, your doctor may prescribe oral medications such as metformin, which is the most commonly used first medication to treat type 2 diabetes. Metformin works by reducing the production of glucose in the liver and improving the sensitivity of tissues to insulin. Other oral medications may stimulate insulin secretion or reduce the absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Insulin therapy – in cases where oral medications and lifestyle modifications do not provide adequate glucose control, insulin may be necessary. Insulin therapy is more commonly used in people with long-term type 2 diabetes when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin.
4. Monitoring glucose levels – Regularly monitoring your blood glucose levels is crucial for the effective management of type 2 diabetes. This helps to assess the effectiveness of the treatment and to adjust the therapy, diet and physical activity.
5. Treatment of comorbidities – patients with type 2 diabetes often have comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obesity. Comprehensive care requires treatment of these conditions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications.
6. Diabetes education – an important aspect of managing type 2 diabetes is educating the patient on self-management, recognizing and managing hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and understanding the effects of food, physical activity, and medication on blood glucose levels.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes requires continuous monitoring and adjustment of treatment strategies to keep blood glucose levels at optimal levels and prevent complications.

Treatment of gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes, which usually occurs in the second half of pregnancy, requires meticulous monitoring to ensure the safety of both mother and baby. The main goal of treatment is to keep blood glucose levels within the normal range, which minimizes the risk of pregnancy and obstetric complications.

1. Blood glucose monitoring – measuring your blood sugar levels regularly is crucial in managing gestational diabetes. Monitoring helps to assess how diet, physical activity and, if necessary, pharmacological treatment affect glucose levels.
2. Diet – women with gestational diabetes should eat a balanced diet, rich in nutrients and low in simple carbohydrates. The diet should be planned in such a way as to ensure an even supply of energy and avoid glycemic peaks.
3. Physical activity – regular, moderate exercise can help control blood glucose levels, but should be done after consulting with your doctor.
4. Drug treatment – if diet and exercise are not enough to control glucose levels, insulin may be necessary. Oral diabetes medications are less commonly used because the safety of some of them in pregnancy is not fully established.
5. Education and support – it is important that women with gestational diabetes receive education on how to manage their condition, including information about proper nutrition, physical activity, glucose monitoring, and possible complications.

Regular visits to the doctor are essential to monitor the health of the mother and the development of the fetus, as well as to adjust the treatment plan, depending on the progress of the pregnancy and blood glucose levels.

Diet and lifestyle of people with diabetes

Diabetes management requires a comprehensive approach in which diet and lifestyle play a key role. Proper eating habits and physical activity are essential for controlling blood glucose levels and maintaining overall health.

A diabetic diet should be nutrient-dense, low-processed, with limited amounts of simple carbohydrates and saturated fats. Meals should be regular, balanced and tailored to individual energy needs. Eating a variety of foods such as whole grains, fresh vegetables and fruits, lean protein sources, and healthy fats such as those from fish, nuts, and olive oil are key.

Physical activity plays an important role in diabetes management, as it improves glycemic control, helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens the heart, and improves well-being. It is recommended to get at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, such as brisk walking, cycling or swimming. Before starting a new exercise program, you should consult your doctor to adjust the type and intensity of activity to your individual health situation.

Weight management is essential for people with diabetes, especially those with type 2 diabetes, as being overweight and obese can worsen insulin resistance. Maintaining a healthy body weight through a balanced diet and regular physical activity is crucial for improving metabolic control and reducing the risk of complications.

Complications of diabetes

Diabetes can lead to a number of complications that can affect different parts of the body and significantly reduce quality of life.

Short-term complications include hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar levels, which can be the result of too much insulin or sugar-lowering medications, insufficient food intake, or intense exercise. Hyperglycemia, or excessively high blood sugar levels, can lead to a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, especially in people with type 1 diabetes.

Long-term complications can develop after many years of uncontrolled diabetes and include cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and stroke, nerve damage (neuropathy), which can lead to pain, tingling, or loss of sensation, especially in the extremities, and kidney problems (nephropathy), which can lead to kidney failure. Diabetes can also affect vision, leading to diabetic retinopathy, which is one of the leading causes of blindness.

The importance of monitoring and controlling blood glucose levels cannot be overstated, as effective diabetes management can significantly reduce the risk of complications. Regular medical examinations and health monitoring help detect and treat complications at an early stage. Managing diet, physical activity, weight, and adherence to medical advice all play a key role in keeping blood sugar levels stable and preventing complications.

Diabetes Management

Effective diabetes management requires a comprehensive approach that includes regular self-monitoring of glucose levels, ongoing diabetes education, and psychological support.

Self-monitoring of glucose levels is the foundation of diabetes management, as it allows for ongoing adjustments to treatment and diet. Patients are encouraged to measure their blood sugar levels regularly using glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. These data help to assess the effectiveness of the treatment plan, diet and the impact of physical activity on glucose levels, allowing for early intervention in the event of abnormalities.

Diabetes education plays a crucial role in diabetes management as it informs patients about aspects of their health condition, teaches them how to manage the day-to-day challenges of the disease, and how to make appropriate treatment decisions. Education should cover topics such as the importance of a balanced diet, meal planning, the importance of physical activity, glucose monitoring techniques, understanding and responding to blood glucose levels, and medication administration.

Psychological support is essential because diabetes can have a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life, leading to stress, anxiety or depression. Regular consultations with a psychologist, diabetes support groups, and access to educational and therapeutic resources can help you cope with the psychological burden that this condition brings. Emotional and psychological support can help patients stay motivated to manage their diabetes and adhere to treatment recommendations.

Diabetes and other conditions

Diabetes has a complex relationship with various diseases, exacerbating the risk of their occurrence and influencing their course.

The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease is well documented. People with diabetes are at a much higher risk of developing conditions such as coronary artery disease, stroke or hypertension. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes leads to damage to blood vessels, which promotes atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Glucose control, along with managing other cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure and dyslipidemia, is key to reducing the risk of these serious complications.

Diabetes and cancer risk. Research indicates that diabetes may increase the risk of certain types of cancer, including pancreatic, liver, endometrial, breast, and colorectal cancers. The mechanism of this relationship is not fully understood, but it is suspected that insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and chronic inflammation associated with diabetes may contribute to an increase in oncological risk.

Diabetes and autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes is itself an autoimmune disease, where the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. In addition, there is evidence of an increased risk of other autoimmune diseases in people with diabetes, such as Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s disease, celiac disease or rheumatoid foot inflammation. The interactions between diabetes and other autoimmune diseases therefore require specific monitoring and treatment to minimize the risk and impact of these conditions on overall health.

Advances in diabetes research

Advances in diabetes research are dynamic and include everything from new drugs to advanced technologies that could lead to breakthroughs in the treatment and monitoring of the disease.

Research into new drugs: Scientists are constantly looking for new therapies that can help control blood glucose levels more effectively while minimizing side effects. New classes of drugs, such as GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors, have already revolutionized the treatment of type 2 diabetes, offering better blood sugar control and additional benefits such as weight reduction and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Research is also focusing on the development of treatments for type 1 diabetes, including immunotherapy, which aims to protect the beta cells of the pancreas from attack by the immune system.

Development of technology in diabetology: Technology has a huge impact on improving the quality of life of people with diabetes. Real-time glucose monitoring (CGM) systems and insulin pumps have become important tools in disease management, allowing for continuous monitoring of sugar levels and automatic adjustment of insulin doses. Also outstanding in the field of technology is the development of an artificial pancreas, which combines CGM systems and an insulin pump with computer algorithms to automatically regulate insulin delivery according to changing blood glucose levels.

Potential future therapies and treatments: Hopes for the future lie in the development of gene therapies, vaccines against type 1 diabetes and beta cell regeneration. Gene therapies that change the way the body produces or respond to insulin could become a fundamental solution for diabetics. Vaccine research aims to prevent or reverse the autoimmune process that destroys beta cells. In addition, methods of beta cell regeneration are being developed that may allow the restoration of their function in people with diabetes.

Diabetes in society

Diabetes has a profound impact on society, affecting not only individuals but also health systems, economies and social structures.

Impact of diabetes on quality of life: Diabetes significantly affects the quality of life of people who live with it, limiting their ability to perform daily activities, introducing the need for continuous monitoring of glucose levels and adherence to strict dietary and therapeutic regimes. The chronic stress of managing diabetes, fear of complications, and potential limitations in professional and social life can lead to mental health problems, including depression and anxiety.

Economics of Disease: Diabetes represents a significant economic burden on health systems and economies. The direct costs of treating diabetes and complications such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, kidney problems and retinopathy are enormous. Additionally, there are indirect costs such as lost productivity, early retirement, and healthcare failure.

Social Awareness and Education: Increasing awareness of diabetes and its effects is key to improving disease management and reducing its prevalence. Educational programmes and campaigns aim to inform the public about risk factors, prevention methods and the importance of early detection and treatment of diabetes. Education also aims to combat stigma against people with diabetes and promote healthier lifestyles among the general population.

Future prospects in the fight against diabetes

The understanding and management of diabetes has evolved significantly over the years, and the future holds new hope for more effective prevention strategies, disease management, and treatments.

New strategies for diabetes prevention: The increase in the number of people suffering from diabetes highlights the need for effective prevention programs. Research focuses on identifying risk factors early in life, enabling preventive measures to be implemented before the disease develops. Education about a healthy lifestyle, a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and monitoring of health parameters can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In the case of type 1 diabetes, research is focusing on the possibilities of immune intervention that can delay or prevent the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.

Innovations in management and treatment: Advances in wearable technologies, such as advanced glucose monitors and insulin delivery devices, provide more personalized and precise diabetes management. The development of telemedicine and mobile applications offers new possibilities in health monitoring, providing tools for better disease management on a daily basis. New therapies are being researched in the area of diabetes treatment, including drugs to reduce insulin resistance, gene therapy, and methods aimed at regenerating or transplanting beta cells.

Summary of the fight against diabetes

Diabetes remains one of the biggest global health challenges, affecting the lives of millions of people around the world. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of this disease, which has contributed to the development of new treatments and management. However, the continued increase in the number of people affected by diabetes indicates an urgent need for further research, innovation in medical care and social education.

In conclusion, the management of diabetes and its complications requires an integrated approach that combines individual treatment plans with education, psychological support and access to modern technologies. Prevention of diabetes, in particular type 2 diabetes, is possible by promoting a healthy lifestyle, regular check-ups and early detection.

The future prospects are promising with ongoing research focusing on better understanding the genetic and environmental risk factors for diabetes, the development of new targeted therapies, and the use of digital technologies to monitor and manage the disease. It will be crucial to continue to support research, raise public awareness and invest in public health to reduce the burden of diabetes worldwide.

The fight against diabetes is a long-term process that requires collaboration between patients, healthcare providers, scientists, and policymakers. By pooling knowledge, innovation, and resources, the international community can continue to make progress in reducing the impact of this disease on individuals and societies around the world.

Sources and bibliography

1. Polish Diabetes Association: “Medical standards in diabetology 2021”
2. National Programme for Combating Diabetes
3. Dziennik Gazeta Prawna: Articles on diabetes and public health
4. American Diabetes Association: “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021”
5. World Health Organization: “Global report on diabetes”
6. The Lancet: Publications on global diabetes research
7. International Diabetes Federation (IDF): “Diabetes Atlas”
8. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME): “Global Burden of Disease Study”
9. “Diabetes Care” – a monthly magazine of the American Diabetes Association, publishing research, reviews and commentary on diabetes
10. “Diabetologia” – the official monthly magazine of the European Diabetes Association (EASD), presenting the results of clinical and experimental studies on all aspects of diabetes

Tools & Apps for Diabetics

Modern tools and mobile applications are an irreplaceable help in managing diabetes, making it easier to monitor health, plan a diet, remind people to take medications and maintain physical activity. Here are some of the popular tools and apps:

1. MySugr – an application that allows you to monitor blood glucose levels, dietary carbohydrates, insulin doses and other factors that affect sugar levels.
2. Glucose Buddy – an app for tracking blood sugar, physical activity, food intake and medication, with the ability to create detailed reports.
3. Diabetes:M – helps monitor all aspects of diabetes management, including glucose levels, insulin use, food intake, and physical activity.
4. GlucoMe – A digital diabetes diary that syncs with your meter using wireless technology, making it easy to monitor and analyze your diabetes data.
5. Carb Manager – a low-carbohydrate diet management app, especially useful for people with type 2 diabetes, allowing you to track your carbohydrate intake and monitor your progress.
6. Dario Health – A diabetes management system that includes a blood glucose meter that connects to your smartphone and an app to monitor your blood glucose levels and manage your health.
7. Glooko – a platform that allows you to collect and analyze data from a wide range of diabetes monitoring devices, including glucose meters, insulin pumps, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems.
8. Health2Sync – an app that provides diabetes management support, offers personalized advice, health data analysis and the ability to collaborate with a health care provider.